When researchers want to understand the history of the environment, they extrapolate data from oral histories or peruse digitized weather observations, aging diaries and farmers' journals. But these records are spotty, subjective and only go back a few centuries. So scientists also look to the Earth itself and the vast timeline hidden in storehouses of earthly data – ice cores, seafloor sediments, oyster shells, even road cuts through layers of rock – which offer a far deeper look back in time than human records.