Icy moonquakes: Surface shaking could trigger landslides
Larger than the planet Mercury, Ganymede is the largest and most massive of Jupiter's moons. This image was taken by the Juno spacecraft in 2021.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill - Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite, CC BY 2.0
Many of the ice-encrusted moons orbiting the giant planets in the far reaches of our solar system are known to be geologically active. Jupiter and Saturn have such strong gravity that they stretch and pull the bodies orbiting them, causing moonquakes that can crack the moons' crusts and surfaces. New research shows for the first time how these quakes may trigger landslides that lead to remarkably smooth terrain.
This view of Jupiter's moon Europa was captured in the 1990s by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The smooth slopes and nearby rubble may have been produced by landslides.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
The study was led by Mackenzie Mills, a doctoral student at the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Lab who conducted the work during a series of summer internships at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. Published in the journal Icarus, the paper outlines the link between quakes and landslides, shedding new light on how icy moon surfaces and textures evolve.
On the surfaces of icy moons such as Europa, Ganymede and Enceladus, it's common to see steep ridges surrounded by relatively flat, smooth areas. Scientists have theorized that these spots result from liquid that flows out of icy volcanoes. But how that process works when the surface temperatures are so cold and inhospitable to fluids has remained a mystery.
A simple explanation outlined in the study doesn't involve liquid on the surface. Scientists measured the dimensions of the steep ridges, which are believed to be tectonic fault scarps (like those on Earth) – steep slopes caused when the surface breaks along a fault line and one side drops. By applying the measurements to seismic models, they estimated the power of past moonquakes and found they could be strong enough to lift debris that then falls downhill, where it spreads out, smoothing the landscape.
"We found the surface shaking from such moonquakes would be enough to cause surface material to rush downhill in landslides. We've estimated the size of moonquakes and how big the landslides could be," Mills said. "This helps us understand how landslides might be shaping moon surfaces over time."
Upcoming investigations
NASA's upcoming Europa Clipper mission, bound for Jupiter's moon Europa in 2024, will give the research a significant boost, providing imagery and other science data. UArizona Regents Professor of Planetary Sciences Alfred McEwen serves as deputy principal investigator for the Europa Imaging System. EIS consists of two cameras that will produce high-resolution color and stereoscopic images of Europa. The instrument will monitor geologic activity, measure surface elevations and provide context for other instruments.
After reaching Jupiter in 2030, the spacecraft will orbit the gas giant and conduct about 50 flybys of Europa. The mission has a sophisticated payload of nine science instruments to determine if Europa, which scientists believe contains a deep internal ocean beneath an outer ice shell, has conditions that could be suitable for life.
NASA's Galileo spacecraft captured this image of the surface of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. The ancient, heavily cratered dark terrain is faulted by a series of scarps, forming a series of "stair-steps" like a tilted stack of books. On Earth, similar types of features form when tectonic faulting breaks the crust and the intervening blocks are pulled apart and rotate.
NASA/JPL/Brown University
Europa Clipper's main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, that could support life. The mission's main science objectives are to understand the nature of the ice shell and the ocean beneath it, along with their composition and geology. The mission's detailed exploration of Europa will help scientists better understand the astrobiological potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet.
The team was surprised by how powerful moonquakes could be and that they could move debris downslope relatively easily, according to co-author Robert Pappalardo, project scientist of Europa Clipper at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which manages the mission.
Especially surprising were the modeling results for tectonic activity and quakes on Saturn's moon Enceladus, a body that has less than 3% of the surface area of Europa and about 1/650 that of Earth.
"Because of that moon's small gravity, quakes on tiny Enceladus could be large enough to fling icy debris right off the surface and into space like a wet dog shaking itself off," Pappalardo said.
When it comes to Europa, the high-resolution images gathered by Europa Clipper will help scientists determine the power of past moonquakes. Researchers will be able to apply the recent findings to understand whether quakes have moved ice and other surface materials and by how much. Images from the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, or JUICE, mission, which launched on April 14, will offer similar information about Europa's neighboring Jovian moon, Ganymede.
"Future data from these spacecraft will help us better understand how icy moon surfaces evolved geologically, and also whether geologic processes are still actively shaping their surfaces," Mills said.
Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. The Applied Physics Laboratory designed the main spacecraft body in collaboration with JPL and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission.
